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Pure Water System Engineering
Industrial production places stringent requirements on the quality of pure water or ultrapure water. Industrial pure water equipment, industrial deionized water equipment, and factory-produced water treatment equipment for cleaning purposes—all operate with water that exists in liquid form at room temperature and shares common characteristics with other liquids. However, compared to other liquids, water also exhibits many unique properties. What are the main characteristics of water?
② In O One 4 Within the Celsius range, rather than thermal expansion and contraction, it exhibits cold expansion and thermal contraction—meaning that as temperature rises, volume decreases and density increases.
② Among all liquids, water has the highest specific heat capacity, which is: 4.18J / g· ℃. Therefore, water can serve as an excellent heat exchange medium for applications such as cooling, thermal energy storage, and heat transfer.
③ At room temperature (O One 100 Celsius ) Water can exist in three phases—solid, liquid, and gas—making it highly convenient to harness the energy associated with its phase transitions.
④ In liquids, except for mercury. (Mercury) In addition, water has the highest surface tension.
⑤ It has extremely strong solubility and reactivity in water; many substances not only exhibit high solubility in water but also achieve maximum ionization.
⑥ The conductivity of water increases as the salt content in the water rises.
What are the water quality requirements for industrial production? ?
Various types of industrial water can be categorized into two major types based on their mode of use: direct-use water and indirect-use water. Direct-use water comes into direct contact with the product and significantly affects product quality; therefore, it requires high water quality. Indirect-use water generally does not affect product quality, but due to different requirements for corrosion prevention and scale inhibition, it necessitates the use of water with varying quality standards.
(1) Raw water refers to water that is used directly as a raw material or as part of a raw material. In the beverage and food processing industries, water quality significantly affects product quality. The best-quality water should be colorless, odorless, and free of turbidity, with appropriate salt content and meeting production requirements for indicators such as ammonia, nitrogen, nitrite, and bacteria levels. For synthetic fibers, electrolysis, pharmaceuticals, and other industries, high-purity water of superior quality is required.
(2) Water used for product processing—such as washing, dyeing, and pulping during manufacturing—also requires relatively high water quality. The water quality requirements for these processes are broadly similar to those for raw material water. In contrast, water used in industries such as electronics demands high-quality, pure water.
(3) Boiler water with high hardness can cause scaling inside the boiler, thereby reducing its thermal efficiency. Dissolved oxygen and salts can lead to corrosion of the boiler and piping systems. HSiOf Alkalinity can cause soda boiling and affect steam quality. Therefore, boilers have strict requirements for the hardness, salt content, and alkalinity of the feedwater. pH Value, HSiOf And there are strict specification requirements for parameters such as dissolved oxygen.
(4) The primary function of cooling water is to cool the hot medium; therefore, preventing corrosion, scaling, and microbial hazards are the three major tasks in cooling-water treatment. Consequently, the quality of cooling water must be strictly controlled with regard to parameters such as hardness, suspended solids, dissolved gases, oils and other organic substances, algae, and microorganisms.
What are the characteristics of atmospheric water quality? ?
Natural rain and snow are formed by the condensation of water vapor, so their water quality is relatively pure. Typically, the hardness of rainwater does not exceed... 70 One 100 μmol / L , with a salt content no greater than 40 — 50mg / L Due to contact with various impurities in the air during their descent, rain and snow tend to contain many contaminants—for example, in industrial areas and densely populated residential zones.
Rain and snow in residential areas may contain hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, soot, and certain types of dust; while coastal regions may have significant amounts of sodium chloride and other substances. Precipitation represents the highest-quality water found in nature, but due to the difficulty of collection, it cannot be used as a source of feedwater for boilers.
What are the characteristics of surface water quality? ?
Surface water typically has relatively low salinity and hardness: the salinity generally ranges from... 70 One 900mg / L ; Hardness at 1 . O ~ 8 . 0mmol / L Surface water quality is unstable and varies significantly with the seasons. During the low-water periods in spring and winter, the water has higher salinity and hardness but lower turbidity. In the high-water period, influenced by precipitation levels, salinity and hardness decrease, while turbidity rises sharply.
What are the characteristics of groundwater quality? ?
Groundwater is formed when precipitation percolates through soil and geological strata or flows through them, and as a result, the water contains relatively high concentrations of dissolved salts. The salt content is... 100 ~ 500mg/L Hardness at 2 One lOmm0l / L There is very little suspended matter, and the turbidity is low. -- Industrial pure water equipment, industrial deionized water equipment, and factory-produced water treatment equipment for cleaning applications.
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